The Oldest Code of Laws in the World: The Code of Laws Promulgated by Hammurabi, King of Babylon, B. C., 2285-2242, by Hammurabi
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The Oldest Code of Laws in the World: The Code of Laws Promulgated by Hammurabi, King of Babylon, B. C., 2285-2242, by Hammurabi
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“The discovery and decipherment of this Code is the greatest event in Biblical Archæology for many a day. A translation of the Code, done by Mr. Johns of Queens’ College, Cambridge, the highest living authority on this department of study, has just been published by Messrs. T. & T. Clark in a cheap and attractive booklet. Winckler says it is the most important Babylonian record which has thus far been brought to light.”
-The Expository Times
The Code of Hammurabi is one of the most important monuments in the history of the human race. Containing as it does the laws which were enacted by a king of Babylonia in the third millennium B.C., whose rule extended over the whole of Mesopotamia from the mouths of the rivers Tigris and Euphrates to the Mediterranean coast, we must regard it with interest. But when we reflect that the ancient Hebrew tradition ascribed the migration of Abraham from Ur of the Chaldees to this very period, and clearly means to represent their tribe father as triumphing over this very same Hammurabi (Amraphel, Gen. xiv. 1), we can hardly doubt that these very laws were part of that tradition. At any rate, they must have served to mould and fix the ideas of right throughout that great empire, and so form the state of society in Canaan when, five hundred years later, the Hebrews began to dominate that region.
Such was the effect produced on the minds of succeeding generations by this superb codification of the judicial decisions of past ages, which had come to be regarded as ‘the right,’ that two thousand years and more later it was made a text-book for study in the schools of Babylonia, being divided for that purpose into some twelve chapters, and entitled, after the Semitic custom, Nînu ilu sirum, from its opening words. In Assyria also, in the seventh century b.c., it was studied in a different edition, apparently under the name of ‘The Judgments of Righteousness which Hammurabi, the great king, set up.’ These facts point to it as certain to affect Jewish views before and after the Exile, in a way that we may expect to find as fundamental as the Babylonian influence in cosmology or religion.
The Oldest Code of Laws in the World: The Code of Laws Promulgated by Hammurabi, King of Babylon, B. C., 2285-2242, by Hammurabi - Amazon Sales Rank: #901448 in Books
- Published on: 2015-05-02
- Original language: English
- Dimensions: 9.00" h x .23" w x 6.00" l,
- Binding: Paperback
- 100 pages
The Oldest Code of Laws in the World: The Code of Laws Promulgated by Hammurabi, King of Babylon, B. C., 2285-2242, by Hammurabi About the Author fm.author_biographical_note2
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Most helpful customer reviews
5 of 6 people found the following review helpful. Enlightening our cultural heritage. By klg Whence comes the phrase, "An eye for an eye?" Well, now I know! So happy to read this - disturbing for its brutality, but also illuminating. I recall that this is probably among the first written laws (and the first of which we have a record). It was "fair" in the sense that the law was written down for all - on stone tablets - anyone could read it and understand the words, well, anyone who was educated. It dealt with the issues of the day - property ownership (including the ownership of slaves), commerce, marriage, agriculture, and even a little about government.Examples:A judge could be "disbarred" for reversing his judgement!The punishment for casting a spell on someone? Death!Accusing someone of casting a spell and failing to provide evidence? Death!If you fail to attend to your portion of the levee and waters ruin your neighbors crops, you are financially liable!If you do not return a run-a-way slave? Death!Yea, it's brutal. It's confusing to imagine that this was an improvement on anything, BUT it probably was an improvement over seemingly arbitrary judgements by authorities.It's part of the cultural history of humanity - and you can see how it could have influenced, say, the writers of Leviticus. I'm not sure plagiarize is the right word, but it seems pretty clear that the author of the Mosaic law was influenced by this prior work.It's a quick read, though this version I notice has more items than the version I downloaded onto my phone from Google. Happy to have read it. I wonder if there is a child's version of this - it seems like this is something that would be worth discussing in detail with children as part of our common cultural heritage, at least in the western world.
7 of 9 people found the following review helpful. Illuminating about the ancient past By Will Jerom Read this book for its inherent historical interest, not its great insight on ethics. One cannot admire the Code of Hammurabi for its great fairness - penalties are unequally exacted from the rich rich and poor, the death penalty is far too liberally applied, and often to people undeserving of it. One can only admire it for the context it provides about the ancient world, their value priorities, the intricacy of thought (if perverse by modern standards) and attention to so many legal details. The spirit of "eye for eye, tooth for tooth" justice must clearly have been an influence upon the Biblical world. If you crave to know what was written in one of the world's most ancient legal codes, this work should be helpful to you.
1 of 1 people found the following review helpful. A poor translation of an important subject By Israel Drazin I gave this book five stars only because the Code of Hammurabi is important, but the 1902 book by Johns is not worth reading. His translation of the Code is very literal and hard to understand and his “facts” about the Code have been greatly changed since 1902. The following are some information about the Code.Hammurabi, king of Babylon is the author of one of the oldest code of law that is in our hands today. Scholars differ in dating Hammurabi and his Code. Many think he ruled for 42 years between 1792 and 1750 BCE. They date the Code around 1754. It is very possible, and many scholars, such as C. H. W. Johns, author of the 1903 volume “The Oldest Code of Laws in the World,” believe, that Hammurabi is the king of Babylon Amraphel, the biblical version of his name, who is mentioned in the Bible in Genesis 14. In the Bible, four kings, one of whom was Amraphel, attacked and defeated five kings and took the patriarch Abraham’s nephew Lot captive. Abraham gathered a force and attacked the armies of the four kings, defeated them, including Amraphel, and rescued his nephew. Abraham grew up and spent much of his life in the lands controlled by Babylon until he was around 70 years old, when he left the area and traveled to and settled in Canaan. It is possible, the Bible does not discuss the matter, that one of the reasons that Abraham left the lands controlled by Amraphel/Hammurabi is that he disliked the laws of the land, the Code of Hammurabi. Whether this is so or not, since Hammurabi’s Code was found in 1901, many books were composed in which Hammurabi’s code is compared with the laws contained in the Bible. One could say that Abraham defeated Hammurabi and Abraham’s descendants’ law code in the Bible superseded and bettered Hammurabi’s Code.Babylon during the days of Hammurabi covered land far larger than modern Iraq. The Code, which contains 282 laws, is carved into a seven foot stone that is shaped like a warning pointing index finger. At the top of the stone is a depiction of Hammurabi receiving the stone from the seated sun god Shamash, the judge of heaven and earth.The Code is far more discriminatory and brutal than the biblical laws. The Hammurabi laws differed greatly in how it treated the various social classes. Rich men were treated better than all women, poor men, children, and slaves. The Code set the punishments for many crimes and accidents with the rich men paying less.People were also killed for taking a slave belonging to another person, for threatening witnesses in a capital case, for helping a slave escape, and for robbery. An eye was taken from a man who knocked out the eye of another, so too a bone or other body part, even a tooth. But if he knocked out a tooth of a poor man, he only paid a fine. Doctors had to pay if they caused harm. If, for example, he caused the death of a man’s slave he must give him another slave. If a man hit his father, his hand was cut off. If a man killed the son of another person, his son was killed. But, if he only killed a slave, there was a fine. A man who had sex with his mother is killed. A man who stole an animal or ship must pay thirtyfold, if he is poor only tenfold, but if the thief has insufficient money to pay the fine, he is killed. If a man claims that another person is holding property belonging to him and cannot prove his claim, he is killed.If a woman enters a wine shop to drink wine there, she is burned to death. If a woman commits adultery she is tossed into the water to drown, but her husband can agree to save her. If a husband is taken captive and his wife has insufficient money, she may go live with another man. If she has children with the second man and the husband returns from captivity, she must return to her first husband, but her children remain with the second man. If a wife belittles her husband, her husband can send her away without giving her any money. If he wants, he can marry another woman and keep the woman who belittled him as a servant. A man who has no money can give his wife, son, or daughter, to his creditor, who will stay with the creditor for three years.A few laws protect wives and children. If a woman hates her husband and has otherwise done no wrong, and her husband belittled her, she can leave the marriage, take her marriage portion, and go to her father’s house. A man cannot disinherit his son if the son committed no serious crime, but he may give one son more property than he gives to his other sons.The Code reflected some superstitious beliefs of the Babylonians. People were sentenced to death for casting a spell on another without good reason. If the reason was not clearly justified for casting the spell, the man upon whom the spell was cast was plunged into “the holy river,” If he dies there, it shows that the spell caster was justified, and he can go home free. If he survives, it is proof that the spell was improper and the man who cast the spell is killed.About half of the laws controlled commerce and set the wages for doing such work as physicians, drivers, builders, shippers, shepherds, sailors, artisans, brick makers, tailors, stone cutters, carpenters, hiring a working ox, and others. There are also laws concerning inheritance, divorce, allowances to divorced wives, paternity, adoption, and sexual conduct.
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The Oldest Code of Laws in the World: The Code of Laws Promulgated by Hammurabi, King of Babylon, B. C., 2285-2242, by Hammurabi
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The Oldest Code of Laws in the World: The Code of Laws Promulgated by Hammurabi, King of Babylon, B. C., 2285-2242, by Hammurabi
The Oldest Code of Laws in the World: The Code of Laws Promulgated by Hammurabi, King of Babylon, B. C., 2285-2242, by Hammurabi
