Starting from Scratch: The Origin and Development of Expression, Representation and Symbolism in Human and Non-Human Primates, by John Matthews
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Starting from Scratch: The Origin and Development of Expression, Representation and Symbolism in Human and Non-Human Primates, by John Matthews
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This book compares the beginning of symbolic thought in human infancy with that of our close primate relatives, the chimpanzees. The author investigates the precursors of symbolism by studying the actions and interactions of a small group of these intelligent, non-human primates who live in Singapore Zoo.
Drawing upon his years of detailed observations, Matthews offers an in-depth analysis and interpretation of chimp behaviour to present an unprecedented account of the beginnings of symbolic thought. The book shows that the actions the chimpanzees perform have structural and semantic similarities with the actions of emergent expression and representation we find in human infancy. Of great importance is the finding that chimpanzee mark-making activity is not an artefact of human interference, but part of chimpanzee culture. Young chimpanzees seem to be introduced to acts of pretence and imagination by older and more experienced ones and taught the rudiments of expression, representation and symbolism.
The implications for our understanding of symbolism, language, art and education are enormous, as are those about our origins and our place within nature. The book is written in an accessible style for both specialist and non-specialist readers, and illustrated with the author’s drawings and photographs.
Starting from Scratch: The Origin and Development of Expression, Representation and Symbolism in Human and Non-Human Primates, by John Matthews- Amazon Sales Rank: #3869460 in Books
- Brand: Psychology Press
- Published on: 2015-05-23
- Original language: English
- Number of items: 1
- Dimensions: 9.25" h x 6.25" w x 1.00" l, 1.24 pounds
- Binding: Paperback
- 392 pages
Review
"This book’s value ... lies in the author’s ability to provide a starting point for provocative thinking about how expressions, representation, and symbolism may have emerged in humans and non-human primates in relation to artistic development." - Michael J. Beran and Lisa A. Heimbauer, Georgia State University Language Research Center, USA, in PsycCRITIQUES
"Meticulously scholarly. He shares his thought processes with the reader, explaining why he does things, how, and his observations would please Darwin, Piaget, all the greats! Each time I try to put the book down, the next section beckons and looks interesting." - Tina Bruce, Honorary Visiting Professor of Early Childhood Studies, Roehampton University, UK
"Starting from Scratch is not your typical psychology text. It combines careful observation with an interpretative lens that is seldom encountered in scientific work. Professor Matthews' work supplements and extends previous studies and provides a valuable database on chimpanzees' representational capabilities." - Kerry Lee, Associate Professor, Applied Cognitive Development Lab, National Institute of Education, Singapore
About the Author
John Matthews is an artist and educator. He has taught all age groups from nursery children to University level, at institutions including Goldsmiths Art School and Goldsmiths Faculty of Education at the University of London, and the National Institute of Education, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore. His main research area has been early symbolism in very young children; more recently he has become involved in studying the precursors of symbolic thought in non-human primates.
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Most helpful customer reviews
0 of 0 people found the following review helpful. The 'shape' of things to come and what is present now By Phillip A. Towndrow John Matthews is an art educator, educational researcher, performer and artist with an intriguing, unusual, and provocative story to tell. In previous work (e.g., Matthews, 2003) he proposed, illustrated and justified a comprehensive and compelling developmental theory of young children's visual representation. Now, based on observational evidence, Matthews hypothesises that "... drawing and writing actions are common to both human and non-human primates and issue `naturally' from the same concerns shared by both species" (p. 348). This is a view many theorists and artists would contest but Matthews isn't deterred. Rather, he thinks there is much non-human primates can teach us about our origins and possibly beyond. Hence his latest book, Starting from scratch: The origin and development of expression, representation and symbolism in human and non-human primates (Matthews, 2011) is strikingly dedicated To the humans.The research is impressive. Come rain or blisteringly hot sun, Professor Matthews closely observed a group of 10-12 chimpanzees at the Singapore zoo for three years and seven months. He filmed and recorded their movements around their enclosure from a vantage point along the nearby visitors' pathway. His analysis of hundreds of hours of raw, and reviewed and edited footage, and field notes results in an extremely fine-grained descriptive and interpretive account of chimpanzee behaviour that is readable, nuanced and methodologically exacting.Starting from scratch contains 33 central chapters and over 70 figures including video-footage screenshots of the chimpanzees and line drawings of their movements and actions. Each chapter is based around several descriptive accounts of young children and/or chimpanzees at work or play with whatever they seem to have at hand including leaves, rope, cloth, pens, paint, sticks, food, and in some cases, each other. Indeed, little or nothing passes the researcher's optical and analytical lenses that is not worthy of comment. Every gesture, gaze, action, word or sound has meaning-making potential and representational significance for the multimodal researcher.Previous studies depict chimpanzees as playful, inventive and resourceful, social animals but can they purposefully compose acts of expression, representation and symbolisation? Furthermore, can chimpanzees think? Specifically, form ideas, imagine and plan meaning-making events. In short, Matthews' project suggests they are close in all of these areas.Apparently, chimpanzees possess a multitude of qualities and abilities including but not restricted to:* Repeated actions;* An interest in connectivity between forms, going-through hollow or tubular forms and angular-variation or moment-of-turn (p. 29);* Fluid and complex movement through any axis in time and space (p. 81);* An understanding of lines-of-sight (pp. 69, 115);* Giving and sharing (p. 125);* Learning from more experienced peers and older relatives (p. 82);* The ability to both memorise past events and imagine the future, and to distinguish between imagined events and current perception (p. 138)* Sensitivity to their own field-of-view (e.g., they can remove obstructions to get a clear(er) view p. 140);* Cooperating on the same task (pp. 167, 179);* Winding, unwinding and rotating with sudden descent (p. 217);* Connecting, joining or linking things together in some way (p. 252);* Understanding point-of-view (e.g., they can hide from each other, both for real and in play (p. 259);* Persevering in work (p. 290)* Making a mark (with a charcoal stick) and using it as a target for further marking (p. 332);* Organising a drawing surface (p. 344); and* Drawing carefully, accurately and skilfully as an intelligent adult (p. 345).Professor Matthews usefully reminds us that chimpanzees are not under-evolved, pre-humans (p. 11). Rather, they display or suggest, at times, primate thinking at a high level (p. 241). And if accepted we have (with all due caution) a basis for comparing our own human origins and symbolic abilities with those of chimpanzees (p. 352).Personally, I agree, on the basis of the evidence, there are strong correlations or similarities between chimpanzee development in emergent symbolisation and that which is observable in human infancy. But I do not accept the notions that humans have an animal heritage or share a common ancestor with chimpanzees that passed away about 6 million years ago (p.352). I'm also not convinced chimpanzees 'know' certain things (p. 115) ... But, then again, I worry about whether other humans know things as well!Evolution and genetic similarity aside, the fact remains that research into the origin and development of visual representation in human infancy and childhood is sparse. Starting from scratch is an honest (human) endeavour. It usefully enlarges the intellectual terrain to a range of interesting semiotic speculations and deserves to be read with an open, enterprising and constructive mind about the 'shape' of things to come and what is present now.ReferencesMatthews, J. (2003). Drawing and painting: Children and visual representation (2nd ed.). London: Paul Chapman Publishing.Matthews, J. (2011). Starting from scratch: The origin and development of expression, representation and symbolism in human and non-human primates. London and New York: Psychology Press.
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